1
The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread.
翻译
这枚猩红的徽记，是她通往禁区的通行证，而寻常女子对此唯有却步。
重点解析：本句使用了一个明喻（metaphor），将抽象概念“the scarlet letter”比作具体的“passport”。主语为“The scarlet letter”，系动词“was”连接主语和表语“her passport”。关系副词“where”引导定语从句“where other women dared not tread”，修饰先行词“regions”。动词短语“dared not tread”中，“dared”为情态动词，“tread”为不带to的不定式，构成虚拟语气，表达了一种禁忌和勇气。
2
She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness; as vast, as intricate and shadowy, as the untamed forest.
翻译
她于道德的荒原上踽踽独行，既无章法亦无指引，其境况之广袤、之幽邃、之莫测，恰似那原始莽林。
重点解析：句子主干为“She had wandered... in a moral wilderness”。分号后是一个独立的描述性成分，由“as... as...”结构引导，构成一个复杂的比较状语。形容词“vast”，“intricate”和“shadowy”并列，通过逗号和“and”连接，共同修饰“wilderness”。过去分词“untamed”作定语，修饰“forest”，强调其原始、未受约束的状态，与“moral wilderness”形成对应。
3
It is a profound satisfaction to be able to do something for somebody else.
翻译
能为他人略尽绵力，此乃人生一大快慰。
重点解析：本句为简单句，使用了形式主语结构。真正主语是不定式短语“to be able to do something for somebody else”。系动词“is”连接主语和表语“a profound satisfaction”。“profound”作为形容词，修饰名词“satisfaction”，增强了情感的深度。介词短语“for somebody else”明确了动作的对象。
4
The world's law is no law for me.
翻译
世间的法则，于我而言，不成其为法则。
重点解析：这是一个简洁有力的判断句。句子结构为“主语（The world's law）+ 系动词（is）+ 表语（no law for me）”。名词所有格“world's”修饰“law”，指明了法则的来源。表语“no law”使用了否定限定词“no”，直接而强烈地表达了否定。介词短语“for me”限定了这一判断的适用范围，突出了个人与世俗的对立。
5
She is the happiest woman in the world, who can content herself with the narrow circle of domestic joys.
翻译
能安于家庭之乐这一方寸天地的女子，方为世间至福之人。
重点解析：本句为一个含有定语从句的复合句。主句是“She is the happiest woman in the world”。关系代词“who”引导定语从句“who can content herself with the narrow circle of domestic joys”，修饰先行词“woman”。动词短语“content oneself with”是一个固定搭配，意为“满足于”。介词短语“with the narrow circle...”作状语，说明了满足的对象。
6
No man, for any considerable period, can wear one face to himself and another to the multitude, without finally getting bewildered as to which may be the true.
翻译
没有人能在漫长的岁月里，于人前人后戴着两副不同的面具，而最终不混淆孰真孰假。
重点解析：这是一个结构复杂的长句。主干是“No man... can wear one face... and another... without finally getting bewildered...”。介词短语“for any considerable period”插入主语和谓语之间，作时间状语。并列连词“and”连接了“wear”的两个宾语“one face to himself”和“another to the multitude”。介词短语“without finally getting bewildered”表示否定条件，其中“getting bewildered”是动名词短语。疑问词“which”引导宾语从句“which may be the true”，作“as to”的宾语。
7
Let men tremble at the thought of offending a woman, for even if she be the weakest of her sex, she is yet the strongest of all beings in the force of her vengeance.
翻译
让世人对触怒女子之心存敬畏吧，纵使她身为弱质女流，其复仇之力却足以睥睨众生。
重点解析：句子以祈使句“Let men tremble...”开头，表达强烈的告诫。原因状语从句由“for”引导。让步状语从句“even if she be the weakest of her sex”使用了虚拟语气“she be”，正式且文雅，表示假设。主句“she is yet the strongest...”中，“yet”作为副词，意为“然而”，加强了转折语气。介词短语“in the force of her vengeance”点明了“strongest”的具体方面。
8
The bright sunshine, that had so often cheered her, shone upon her now, but only to make her conscious of a new pain.
翻译
那曾屡屡慰藉她的灿烂阳光，此刻依然倾洒而下，却只映照出她心中的一缕新伤。
重点解析：本句为复合句。主语是“The bright sunshine”，定语从句“that had so often cheered her”由“that”引导，修饰“sunshine”。并列连词“but”连接了两个分句，形成转折关系。第二个分句“only to make her conscious of a new pain”是不定式短语作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果。“make sb. conscious of”是一个使役动词结构，意为“使某人意识到”。
9
Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!
翻译
真实！真实！务必真实！即便不能袒露最深的罪愆，也当向世人展露一二痕迹，让那最坏的可能由此得以窥见！
重点解析：开篇连续三个祈使句“Be true!”，使用重复修辞，极具冲击力。后一句为复杂祈使句，动词“Show”的宾语是“some trait”，条件状语“if not your worst”插入其中。关系副词“whereby”引导定语从句“whereby the worst may be inferred”，修饰“trait”，相当于“by which”。情态动词“may be inferred”使用了被动语态，表达了可能性。
10
She had come to a period of her life when the wild energy that had once characterized her was becoming tamed into a more regular and quiet flow.
翻译
她已步入人生的一个新阶段，昔日那股桀骜不驯的生命力，正渐次沉淀为一种更沉静、更平和的脉动。
重点解析：这是一个包含定语从句的复合句。主句为“She had come to a period of her life”。“when”引导定语从句“when the wild energy... was becoming tamed...”，修饰先行词“period”。在从句中，关系代词“that”引导另一个定语从句“that had once characterized her”，修饰“energy”。“was becoming tamed”是过去进行时的被动语态
11
It is the unspeakable misery of a life so false as his, to be compelled to wear the mask of truth.
翻译
人生虚伪若此，却不得不披着真理的外衣，其苦楚实非言语所能道尽。
重点解析：本句使用了形式主语结构。“It”是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语“to be compelled to wear the mask of truth”。“of a life so false as his”是介词短语，作“misery”的后置定语，其中“so false as his”是一个比较结构，“as his (life)”省略了“life”。“compelled to do”是固定搭配，意为“被迫做某事”。
12
The moment that he did so, there came what seemed a flash of vivid lightning from the gloomy sky, and a crash of thunder followed.
翻译
就在他动作的刹那，阴霾的苍穹中似有电光陡然一闪，随之雷声轰然。
重点解析：这是一个包含时间状语从句的复合句。“The moment that he did so”是时间状语从句，“The moment”相当于连词“when”。主句是“there came... lightning... and a crash of thunder followed”。“there came”是倒装结构，正常语序为“a flash... came there”。“what seemed a flash”中，“what”引导名词性从句，作“came”的主语。“from the gloomy sky”是地点状语。“followed”是过去式动词，作谓语，描述了紧随其后的动作。